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    A review of flax fiber reinforced thermoset polymer composites: structure and mechanical performance
    (Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2021) Malik, Khurshid; Ahmad, Faiz; Günister, Ebru; Nakato, Teruyuki; Mouri, Emiko; Muhammad, Masdi B.; Ali, Saad
    Flax is a natural fiber that possesses excellent specific properties, low density, safe to handle, eco-friendly, and easily available. These make it exceedingly popular and a potential candidate to replace synthetic reinforcements in polymer composite applications. The thermoset polymer is used for structural application due to its excellent mechanical and interface bonding properties compared to the thermoplastic polymer. Flax-based thermoset polymer composites are becoming popular among researchers for advanced industrial applications. This article is intended to offer a review of the main results presented in the literature on flax fiber-based polymer composites, focusing the attention on the fiber structure, chemical arrangement, physical and mechanical properties. Then, the mechanical performance of pure and hybrid flax fiber reinforced epoxy or polyester composites is comprehensively analyzed.
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    A review of flax fiber reinforced thermoset polymer composites: thermal-physical properties, improvements and application
    (Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2021) Malik, Khurshid; Ahmad, Faiz; Yunus, Nurul Azhani; Günister, Ebru; Nakato, Teru; Mouri, Emiko; Ali, Saad
    Flax is the strongest natural fiber used as reinforcement for polymer-based composites due to its ecological properties, low specific gravity, renewability, biodegradability, recyclability besides its high mechanical properties. However, thermal properties of flax fibers depend on its chemical composition and structure, so it should be carefully controlled during the production process of composites, which affect the final product performance. A review of flax fiber-reinforced thermoset composites (FRTCs) and their hybrids is presented in the article, mainly focus on thermal performance, water absorption, and durability of the composites. The effects of filler materials hybridization and fiber’s chemical modification on the properties and performance of the FRTCs are also covered. Finally, key industrial applications and future possible research work based on the current understanding of FRTCs, and their hybrids also are addressed.
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    The hybridization effects of glass and carbon fibers on the mechanical properties of kenaf mat/epoxy composites
    (Taylor & Francis Online, 2022) Malik, Khurshid; Ahmad, Faiz; Yunus, Nurul Azhani; Günister, Ebru; Shaik Dawood, MSI; Ali, Saad; Mani, Catherine Sheila; Syahir, Muhammad; Larry, Anselm Leon
    Kenaf mat/epoxy composite possesses low mechanical properties. The investigation examined the hybridization impact on the mechanical performance of kenaf mat/carbon/epoxy and kenaf mat/glass/epoxy hybrid composites. Pure and hybrid composites were fabricated using the vacuum-assisted resin infusion method. Density, tensile, flexural, interlaminar shear, and fracture toughness (Mode II) properties were tested according to the ASTM standards. The results showed that density increased around 10% for kenaf mat/carbon/epoxy hybrid and 29% for kenaf mat/glass/epoxy hybrid compared to pure kenaf mat/epoxy composites. Kenaf mat/carbon/epoxy hybrid composites displayed approximately 529%, 497%, 512%, 1055%, 272%, and 443% improvement in the tensile strength, tensile modulus, flexural strength, flexural modulus, interlaminar shear strength (ILSS), and fracture toughness, respectively, compared to the pure kenaf mat/epoxy composite. Kenaf mat/glass/epoxy hybrid composites displayed approximately 467%, 275%, 405%, 413%, 232%, and 366% improvement in the tensile strength, tensile modulus, flexural strength, flexural modulus, ILSS, and fracture toughness, respectively, compared to the pure kenaf mat/epoxy composite. Although the carbon fiber volume fraction was the lowest (17.23%) in hybrid kenaf mat/carbon/epoxy composites compared to glass fiber (24.83%) in hybrid kenaf mat/glass/epoxy composites, the tensile, flexural, and interlaminar shear performance was higher in hybrid kenaf mat/carbon/epoxy composites than hybrid kenaf mat/glass/epoxy composites.