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    Investigation of the Relationship Between Heavy Metals (Cadmium, Arsenic, and Lead) and Metallothionein in Multiple Sclerosis
    (Springer Nature, 2024) Keçecioğlu, Can; Sarıkaya, Cansu; Aydın, Ahmet; Charehsaz, Mohammad; Efendi, Hüsnü
    Background and aim: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is one of the most common neurological disorders. Metals are important for the maintenance and preservation of homeostasis and dysregulated metal homeostasis has an impact on neurodegeneration. Environmental factors are considered to contribute to MS risk and progression. Heavy metals such as arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) are widely found in the environment and because of their toxic nature, they pose a great danger to human health. Metallothioneins (MTs) play important roles in metal homeostasis and detoxification of heavy metals. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between levels of heavy metals (As, Cd, and Pb) and MT levels in MS patients and also to assess the oxidative stress status of patients. Method: Fifty subjects (20 healthy subjects and 30 MS patients) were included. Demographic characteristics of the patients, plasma MT levels, blood Cd, As, and Pb levels, as well as iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) levels, were determined. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were investigated as a marker of oxidative stress. Results: MT levels were slightly higher in the MS group (p > 0.05). As Cd and Pb levels were significantly higher in the control subjects. MDA levels were significantly higher in MS patients. Conclusion: Our results support the relevance of MT and MDA levels in MS. Further clinical studies with larger cohorts will provide more insights into these factors.