Illuminant-dependent color inconstancy and metameric behavior of anodized titanium through silicone-based gingival simulation layers of varying thickness

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dc.authorid0000-0003-0130-4965
dc.authorid0000-0003-2716-3080
dc.authorid0000-0001-5273-7774
dc.authorid0000-0003-4802-1604
dc.contributor.authorÇopuroğlu, Akanay
dc.contributor.authorDavut, Umur
dc.contributor.authorDoğanay Özyılmaz, Özge
dc.contributor.authorÖzyılmaz, Özgün Yusuf
dc.date.accessioned2026-10-19T06:27:17Z
dc.date.available2026-10-19T06:27:17Z
dc.date.issued2026
dc.departmentFakülteler, Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi, Diş Hekimliği
dc.description.abstractThis in vitro study evaluated how gingival thickness and anodization color affect color perception of Grade V titanium discs under different light sources. Ninety-six titanium discs were anodized yellow, pink, or purple, or left non-anodized. Silicone gingival masks of 1 mm and 2 mm simulated soft tissue. A single spectral reflectance measurement was recorded for each specimen using a benchtop spectrophotometer, from which color coordinates under five standardized illuminants (D65, D50, A, F2, F11) were computationally derived. Color differences (ΔE₀₀) were calculated using the CIEDE2000 formula to evaluate color inconstancy, and metamerism was quantified using a CIEDE2000-based metamerism index (MI), the mean absolute difference between ΔE₀₀ under the test illuminants (D50, A, F2, F11) and D65. Data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA, Tukey HSD post hoc tests, and independent t-tests (α=0.05). All anodized colors at 1 mm exceeded the CIEDE2000 clinical acceptability threshold (ΔE₀₀ >1.8), with purple showing the highest inconstancy, particularly under fluorescent lighting (P<.05). Increasing thickness to 2 mm significantly reduced ΔE₀₀ across all groups (P<.05), although values remained above the acceptability threshold in every group, with purple showing the greatest relative stability under all illuminants. Metameric behavior remained imperceptible under most conditions, except for pink at 1 mm under F2. Thickness and lighting significantly affect color stability of anodized titanium, although the effect of illuminant type was color-dependent: fluorescent (F2) illumination increased color inconstancy for purple and, at 2 mm, yellow, whereas pink showed the opposite pattern, with its lowest ΔE₀₀ values occurring under F2 rather than D65 at both thicknesses. Thinner tissue intensifies color shifts, while≥2 mm thickness improves consistency. Pink performs better in thin tissue; purple shows greatest stability with thicker coverage. Metamerism was imperceptible under most conditions, except for pink at 1 mm under F2, which reached a perceptible but clinically acceptable level.
dc.identifier.citationCopuroglu, A., Davut, U., Ozyilmaz, O. D., & Ozyilmaz, O. Y. (2026). Illuminant-dependent color inconstancy and metameric behavior of anodized titanium through silicone-based gingival simulation layers of varying thickness. Odontology. Advance online publication.
dc.identifier.doi10.1007/s10266-026-01564-4
dc.identifier.issn1618-1247
dc.identifier.pmid42830347
dc.identifier.scopus2-s2.0-105052525851
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12941/470
dc.identifier.wosqualityQ2
dc.indekslendigikaynakPubMed
dc.indekslendigikaynakScopus
dc.indekslendigikaynakTR-Dizin
dc.institutionauthorÇopuroğlu, Akanay
dc.institutionauthorÖzyılmaz, Özgün Yusuf
dc.institutionauthorid0000-0003-0130-4965
dc.institutionauthorid0000-0003-4802-1604
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherSpringer
dc.relation.ispartofOdontology
dc.relation.publicationcategoryMakale - Uluslararası Hakemli Dergi - Kurum Öğretim Elemanı
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.subjectAnodized Titanium
dc.subjectGingival Thickness
dc.subjectColor Inconstancy
dc.subjectEsthetic Implant Dentistry
dc.subjectSpectrophotometry
dc.titleIlluminant-dependent color inconstancy and metameric behavior of anodized titanium through silicone-based gingival simulation layers of varying thickness
dc.typeArticle

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